|
JULY MEETING
Italy at the First Millenium
|
Last year, while the rest of us were wondering whether our computers
would crash or whatever else might possibly happen as the world completed
its second millennium, our speaker, Peter Puleo, more fascinated
with what was happening a thousand years ago, was deep into his long on-going
study of the world at the turn of the first millennium. For Europe
was in turmoil at the year 1000 and at the heart of this geopolitical minefield
lay the land that ultimately became known as Italy.
In his presentation, Puleo will address a basic question: what
was going on in Italy at the year 1000? His talk will examine Italy's
position in the then-known world and the clash of the powerful political
and religious forces affecting her destiny. The presentation will
review the influence of the Church, the Emperor, the cities, the prominent
personalities, and the conditions of society and life in general.
The first millennium was the turning point from which Italy would awaken
from the sleep of the dark ages and begin the process by which she would
dramatically impact the future of the western world.
Peter Puleo is an engineering graduate of Washington University and
a long time member and past Vice President and Director of the Italian
Club of St. Louis.
|
Next Meeting July 18, 2001
Cocktails 6:30 PM - Dinner 7:00 PM
Da Baldo's Restaurant
RSVP Marie Wehrle 644-1645
|

RECAP OF MAY MEETING
REPORT OF THE HONORARY VICE-CONSUL
|
Our June speaker, Honorary Vice-Consul Joseph Colagiovanni,
began his annual update on the Italian government reporting on the recent
elections. On May 13, the Italians elected a new government headed
by Silvio Berlusconi, the Italian media magnate. The new government
is Italy’s 49th since 1945. For Berlusconi and his party, Forza
Italia, it is the second time at the head of the Italian government,
since he previously served as Prime Minister for seven months in 1994.
Berlusconi’s election was not the result of a direct popular vote.
Forza Italia won 30 percent of the vote, more than any other party,
but had to form a coalition government in order to reach the majority.
Although Romano Prodi began a movement to replace the proportional system
with a more stable bi-polar system, the proportional system is still in
use. A referendum was held in May 2000 concerning this matter, but
Berlusconi lead the opposition and urged the voters to abstain from voting.
Since the majority heeded his advice, the referendum was ruled invalid
because less than 50% of the electorate voted, resulting in the continuation
of the proportional system that has been in place since the end of World
War II. The system is characterized by more than two-dozen political
parties whose coalitions are susceptible to collapse and consequently may
drag down the government with them.
Colagiovanni pointed out some interesting parallels between the
current Italian government and the present political system in the United
States: the recent defection by Jim Jeffords from the Republican
Party to the Independent Party has transformed the power in the U.S. Senate,
making it a virtual coalition government. In fact, Berlusconi’s coalition
may be stronger than that by which the Democrats currently control the
U.S. Senate. The challenge facing the Italian Government is much
the same as that facing America. The economic conditions in Italy
require immediate attention. Prodi and his successors oversaw a heroic
effort to bring down Italy’s deficits and qualify for its entry into the
European Union’s single currency in 1998, forcing the country into belt-tightening
changes: more than $78 billion worth of state industries were privatized,
inflation was slashed in half, and the economy achieved healthy growth
rates, but Italy still lags behind most of Europe with slower growth and
higher unemployment. In addition, it remains at a trade deficit with
the United States and most of its European trading partners and falls behind
the rest of Europe in the amount of foreign direct investment that it obtains.
Italy, like the U.S., is facing an enormous demographic challenge as its
population ages and its birth rates are very low, resulting in the next
generation being significantly burdened by the retired workers with very
few productive younger workers to support pension plans and other social
services. The Italian government’s first challenge is to invigorate
the economic growth of Italy’s Mezzogiorno, the southern region,
which continues to fall behind northern Italy and the rest of Europe.
In another parallel with the current American political situation,
the campaign themes in both countries have focused on lower taxes, less
bureaucratic red tape, and comparison to the administrations of Ronald
Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. In a manner reminiscent of President
Clinton’s tenure in office, Berlusconi has been dogged by years of public
charges involving corruption and illegal activity. These charges
have been unsuccessful and have created the same kind of indifference by
the electorate that was evident during Clinton’s tenure. Paralleling
the current Bush administration, Berlusconi’s own background is in business
and he is frequently criticized in the foreign press for his remaining
business connections.
In the course of the next several years, the European Union will
be addressing expansion and the admission of additional countries.
As it does so, the focus on Italy should be significant. Berlusconi
intends to focus on economic expansion in southern Italy where more than
$12 billion is targeted. He is doing so under significant pressure
from the European Union, which has asked that Italy control its government
spending and rein in its pension system to stabilize its economy as required
by the EU Stability Pact. All of this will be occurring with Italy
at the focal point of world attention in late July, when Genoa will host
the annual summit of the G-7 and G-8. Berlusconi’s choice for Foreign
Minister, however, should aid him significantly, since Renato Ruggiero
is the former chief of the World Trade Organization and has significant
support within the foreign economic community.
|
|

L’ANGOLO DEL PRESIDENTE
By Gene Mariani |
DINNER PRICE INCREASE
|
For several years, the price of the meal at our regular monthly meetings
has been $17. Due to cost increases, Baldo simply can no longer continue
to provide the dinner for this price. The Board believes that Baldo
and Madda have done a wonderful job for us and that a price increase
is not unreasonable at this time. Therefore the Board unanimously
approved an increase of $2 (from $17 to $19 per person) effective at the
July meeting. When one considers the quality of our dinners and everything
that is included, unlimited wine, dessert, even tax and gratuity, and compares
that with what an equivalent dinner would cost anywhere else, the increase
seems fair both to our members and to Baldo (also a member of the Club)
and Madda.
|
WELCOME NEW MEMBERS!
|
We are pleased to announce that Richard Dona and Ronald Nuzzi
were elected members of the Italian Club at the June 20 meeting.
Richard traces his Italian ancestry from his northern Italian born grandfather.
Ronald traces his ancestry to his grandparents, his maternal grandfather
being from Pescara and his paternal grandfather from Naples. Both
members were sponsored by Eugene Mariani and Marie Cuccia-Brand.
Welcome Richard and Ronald to our group. We are happy to have you
with us.
|
ITALIAN CONVERSATION TABLE
|
The next Italian Club’s conversation group will meet on Thursday July
12 at 7:00 p.m. at the St. Louis Bocce Club. The Italian Conversation
Table is intended for people who have studied some Italian, have a basic
knowledge of the language, and would like to practice conversation in a
small group setting with the help of an Italian-speaking facilitator.
For more information, call Audrey at 863-8453. |
|
|

ANNOUNCEMENTS
MARIONETTE PROGRAM - A BIG HIT |
The Club’s special marionette program of Italian opera for children
presented on June 24 by the Bob Kramer Marionette
Company was great fun for everyone and, judging by the reaction
of the children, clearly a huge success. The performance was attended
by 67 children and Italian Club members and friends. The afternoon
program began with a description of the history of marionette theater by
Master Puppeteer, Dug Feltch. Kramer’s singing and dancing marionettes
then introduced the opera portion of the program with the galloping chords
of Rossini’s overture to Guglielmo Tell followed by flamboyant renditions
of arias from Italian operatic masterpieces including La gazza ladra,
Tosca, and others. After the performance, the audience was
treated to biscotti, dolce, juice, fruit and, for the grownups,
un po’ di vino.
|
|
NEW ITALIAN CLUB DIRECTOR
|
Due to business reasons, Roger Gennari has resigned as a Director.
Gloria Etling was appointed to serve the balance of Gennari's term.
We will miss Roger's wise counsel and we wish to thank him for his hard
work for the Club. We also wish to extend a warm welcome to Gloria.
|
|
BARBARA KLEIN
TEMPORARILY WORKING IN MILANO |
Italian Club Treasurer Barbara Klein is on a work-related assignment
in Milano. She will keep her position as Treasurer of the Club during
her absence. Dan Viele has been appointed by the Board as
Assistant Treasurer to keep the accounting records and produce our financial
reports. All of Barbara's other duties will be covered by other members
of the Board. Anyone who would like to contact Barbara can do so by email
at Barbara201@aol.com.
She would be pleased to hear from you.
|
|
The Italian Club of St. Louis
|
|
|
I capolavori della poesia
italiana
32. Niccolò Tommaseo nacque in Dalmazia da
genitori italiani nel 1802. Fu filologo, traduttore, giornalista
e romanziere e, come altri autori della sua generazione, fu spesso censurato
dal regime austriaco. Morì a Firenze nel 1874.
La poesia che segue, scritta nel 1855, fa parte della raccolta pubblicata
nel 1872 col titolo di Poesie. In essa il Tommaseo rivela alcuni
aspetti originali della sua religiosità, una specie di visione panteistica
dell’universo. La foglia partecipa dell’armonia universale trasformandosi
infinitamente in altre sembianze, mentre l’uomo non è diverso dalle
più umili forme viventi.
A una foglia
di Niccolò Tommaseo
Foglia, che lieve a la brezza cadesti
sotto i miei piedi, con mite richiamo
forse ti lagni perch’io ti calpesti.
Mentr’eri viva sul verde tuo ramo,
passai sovente, e di te non pensai;
morta ti penso, e mi sento che t’amo.
Tu pur coll’aure, coll’ombre, co’ rai
venivi amica nell’anima mia;
con lor d’amore indistinto t’amai.
Conversa in loto1 ed in polvere,
o pia,
per vite nuove il perpetuo concento
seguiterai della prima armonia2.
E io, che viva in me stesso ti sento,
cadrò tra breve, e darò del mio frale3
al fiore, all’onda, all’elettrico, al vento.
Ma te, de’ cieli nell’alto, sull’ale
recherà grato lo spirito mio;
e, pura idea, di sorriso immortale
sorriderai nel sorriso di Dio.
1 trasformata in fango. 2
attraverso nuove vite parteciperai all’infinito concerto della prima armonia.
3 del mio fragile corpo.
|
|
|
|
|
LA STORIA D’ITALIA
(Continua dal numero precedente)
24.
Tito (39 - 81) (Imperatore 79 - 81). Dei primi anni
della sua vita non molto è noto. Si sa che nel 64 sposò
Arrecina Tertulla, che morì poco dopo il matrimonio, e che successivamente
sposò Marzia Furnilla, una donna che apparteneva a una nobile famiglia
romana; ma durante il regno di Nerone, la famiglia di Marzia finì
in disgrazia perciò Tito la divorziò. Tito ebbe una
figlia, Flavia Giulia, non si sa bene se dalla prima o dalla seconda moglie:
la figlia sposò il cugino Flavio Sabino ma dopo la sua morte divenne
l’amante dello zio Domiziano, il futuro imperatore, e morì nell’84
a causa di un aborto voluto da lui.
Lo storico ebraico Giosefo racconta che Tito ebbe un ruolo importante
nelle guerre contro gli ebrei del 67-68, ma è nel 70 che il suo
nome diventa famoso, quando, alla morte di Nerone, viene lasciato dal padre
Vespasiano in Giudea con l’incarico di distruggere Gerusalemme. Tito
assedia la città, la rade al suolo, ne distrugge il tempio e ne
uccide gli abitanti conquistandosi la fama di eroe presso i romani e di
mostro presso gli ebrei. L’evento è commemorato dall’Arco
di Tito, all’entrata del foro romano.
Dopo questa vittoria Tito assapora la sua gloria viaggiando in oriente
accompagnato da legionari e prigionieri e da Berenice, sorella di
Erode Agrippa II, re della Siria, che sarà la sua compagna per diversi
anni. Ma la loro unione è ostacolata dai romani che vedono
in lei un’altra Cleopatra, perciò quando Tito diventa imperatore
i due devono lasciarsi, anche se a malincuore.
Alla morte del padre, Tito gli succede pacificamente anche se pare che
non corresse buon sangue tra di lui e il fratello Domiziano che gli succederà
nell’81. Inaspettatamente Tito si dimostrò un ottimo imperatore
tanto che fu chiamato “delizia del genere umano.” Nella vita di corte
bandì il lusso ma come il padre non lesinò spese per costruire
opere pubbliche. Completò e inaugurò il Colosseo dando
il via a cento giorni di feste con battaglie navali sul lago artificiale,
battaglie di gladiatori e cacce di animali esotici; ricostruì la
famosa biblioteca del Portico di Ottavia, facendo arrivare dall’oriente
nuovi libri e nuovi codici; costruì bagni imperiali ed iniziò
la costruzione dell’arco di Tito. Inoltre si dimostrò molto
umano e caritatevole con i suoi sudditi. Dopo un altro spaventoso
incendio di Roma, aiutò la popolazione a ricostruire e dopo l’eruzione
del Vesuvio diede soccorso alla popolazione di Pompei.
Lasciò il tesoro dello stato in condizioni molto migliori di
di quanto l’avesse trovato, scelse con saggezza i suoi amici e consiglieri
e promulgò leggi che trovavano favore presso i cittadini romani,
favorendo soprattutto l’esercito.
Fu uno degli imperatori veramente amati e pianti dopo la morte.
(continua al prossimo numero)
|
|
|