The Newsletter of The Italian Club of St. Louis
Internet Edition
Luisa Gabbiani Flynn
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March 2002

PROGRAMS...
Gravestone of ancient women
Venezia in maschera
PRESIDENT'S CORNER
Welcome new members
Assistance requested
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Students Award at SIUE
Congratulations Alberto
Italian Club Lecture Series
Italian Club Film/Opera Series
Notes from Italy
Board of Directors
TERZA PAGINA
Corrado Govoni
STORIA D'ITALIA
Pertinace e Settimo Severio
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La Rondine

Volume 6 - Issue 3
Visit our website at www.italystl.com/italianclub
March 2002

MARCH MEETING
  
GRAVESTONES OF ANCIENT ROMAN WOMEN


Gravestones are often the only written documents that shed light on the elusive lives of ancient Roman women.  In our March program, Anna Amelung, will address such questions as who were these women?  What was their social status?  What do their tombstones reveal about their families, relationships, social condition, occupation, age, even physical characteristics?  Surprisingly, the most interesting epitaphs belong to slaves or freedwomen, not elite women.  Thus we learn of Aurelia Philematium, a slave girl who contributed to her husband's prosperity through her hard work; Allia Potestas, praised for her virtues as much as for her beautiful legs and "generous" body; and Heracla, "Caesar's wrestler" from Verona.  In her slide presentation, Dr. Amelung will piece together the scarce details of the lives of these ancient women, truly the backbone of Roman society, and make them come alive for us today. 

Anna Amelung, born in Russi, Ravenna, Italy, received the Laurea in Foreign Languages from the Universita' di Bologna.  She subsequently taught French at the Università di Bologna and the Università di Modena and Italian language and literature in Toulouse, France.  She obtained a Ph.D. in French from Washington University, where she taught French and Italian.  She now teaches Latin and French at University City High School sharing her knowledge and love for the ancient world with the youth of America. 
 

Next Meeting Wednesday, March 20, 2002 
Cocktails 6:30 PM - Dinner 7:00 PM 
 Da Baldo's Restaurant
RSVP Gloria Etling
(314) 965-6972
or by email

RECAP OF FEBRUARY MEETING
  
Venezia in Maschera

A special thank you to our February speaker Graziella Postolache, Italian Club member and member of the faculty at Webster University where she teaches French and Italian.  She received her formal education at the University of Iasi in Romania and the University of Vannes in France.  Graziella is also a member of the Dante Alighieri Association and Alliance Française.  We also wish to acknowledge members, Debbie Torpea Monolo, who assisted Graziella in preparing the slide presentation and video, and Gloria DiMartino Etling for decorating the tables, displaying the beautiful masks, and working with Baldo for our regional dinner.

The mask has been used as a form of disguise since the Stone Age.  In ancient Roman burials, a mask resembling the deceased was placed over the face or was worn by an actor hired to accompany the funerary procession.  This tradition was revived with the making of effigy masks for the royalty and nobility of Europe from the Middle Ages through the 18th century. 

In Venice, painted masks were used for display, processionals, or commemorative ceremonials.  From the 17th to the 20th century, death masks of famous persons became widespread among European peoples.  With wax or liquid plaster of Paris, a negative cast of the human face could be produced that in turn acted as a mold for the positive image, frequently cast in papier-mâché, leather or bronze, of the death masks.  The masks were made by professionals, called Mascareri or Targheri, who were experts in this craft or were noted sculptors or artisans.  This profession flourished as a result of the big demand for masks during the carnival.

At the beginning of the Serenissima Republic (12th century), Venice was the center of the known world and of travel inside Italy and on the road to China.  The Carnival of Venice is said to have originated to celebrate an important victory of the Repubblica della Serenissima in the war against Ulrico, Patriarch of Aquileia, in 1162.  Masks were allowed from the day of Santo Stefano, which marked the start of the Venetian carnival, to midnight of Shrove Tuesday.  Historically, masquerading was a common practice among Venetians, regardless of their social background.  The mask in Venice had many uses:  to protect gamblers from indiscrete looks, to disguise i barnaboti, destitute noblemen begging on street corners, and to hide aristocrats and clandestine lovers.

The use of masks derives from the theatre of ancient Greece and Rome.  Later they were used in comedies improvised from scenarios based upon the dramas of the ancient Roman comic playwrights Plautus (254?–184 BC) and Terence (186/185–159 BC) and upon situations drawn from anonymous ancient Roman mimes and became known as Commedia dell'arte.  Masks were also used in the mystery plays of the 12th to the 16th century. 

The presentation included photographs of many famous characters:  Arlecchino (a mask from Bergamo) in his patched outfit and white felt cap, wearing a black half-mask with demonic features (Alichino is cited in Dante’s Inferno).  His feminine counterpart, Colombina, wears the same costume; she is a malicious, yet charming, servant-girl, not always a mirror of virtue, like her eternal suitor Arlecchino;  Pantalone, the Venetian merchant, rich, greedy and naïve;  Pulcinella (a Neapolitan mask), witty, philosophical, eternally melancholic;  Dottor Balanzone-(a mask from Bologna), characterized by arrogance and ignorance;  Dottor della peste, impersonation of the “Plague Doctor”, wearing a mask with a long beak to hold medicines and aromas to protect him from the plague; Brighella (from the word briga or quarrel), the ingenious slave who knows how to help but also how to dupe his master;  Zanni, the servant, (another mask from Bergamo);  il diavolo,  the devil, il capitano, the mask of a boastful, big-talking soldier; Pagliaccio (derived from the word paglia, straw) an imitator who twists his face into savage grimaces to make people laugh; Pierrot, his face heavily powdered and without mask, who plays the melancholic and performs as a mime. 

Graziella also pointed out two popular masks from the past:  la bauta and il mattaccino

La bauta is considered the traditional Venetian mask, made in such a way as to allow the wearer to eat and drink without having to take it off.  It consists of a black veil or cloak, a black tricorn hat,  and a white mask with a stretched-out, protruding upper lip underneath a tiny nose that changed the tone of the voice, making whoever wore this costume totally unrecognizable.  This mask was extremely popular with the Venetians and could be worn all year long to protect one's identity.  It inspired George Lucas in the movie Star Wars for the character of Darth Vader. 

Il Mattaccino is one of the wildest impersonators of the Carnival.  With a white or multicolored dress, but simple and practical (as opposed to the traditional classy heavy costumes) and a feathered hat, this character is disrespectful, with a sling ready for throwing eggs.  The program concluded with images of contemporary and ancient masks as seen in the streets of Venice during the 2000 and 2001 Carnevale.

 



 
 
L’ANGOLO DEL PRESIDENTE

By Gene Mariani

 
WELCOME NEW MEMBERS


We are pleased to announce, and to extend a warm welcome, to Anthony Cuneo who was elected a member of the Club at our February meeting.  Tony’s parents were both born in Chiavari, Italy. 

ASSISTANCE REQUESTED


We need some volunteers to set up and run our sound system at the monthly meetings.  Duties involve setting up the equipment, playing tapes or CD’s, making microphones available for the speakers, and storing the equipment after the meeting.  Each volunteer will be responsible for doing this at 2 or 3 meetings per year.  The equipment is easy to set up and operate and we will provide the necessary training.  If you wish to volunteer, please contact Jim Tognoni at 636-532-2651 or by e-mail at Jtognoni@earthlink.net as soon as possible.  It would be a great way to assist our club.

 




 

 

 

ANNOUNCEMENTS
 
  
STUDENT AWARD AT SIU-E


The Italian Club has established an annual award in the amount of $100 for an outstanding student of Italian language at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville.  Named the “Distinguished Student in Italian Language Honors Day Award”, it will be administered by Prof. Patrizia Bittini of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature.  This year the award will be presented on April 21, 2002 

 
CONGRATULATIONS ALBERTO


Congratulations to member Alberto Isidori, WU Professor of Systems Science and Mathematics, on being awarded the 2001 Hendrik W. Bode Lecture Prize of the IEEE Control Systems Society.  This annual award recognizes distinguished contributions to control systems science or engineering.

 
 
 
 


 
 ITALIAN CLUB LECTURE SERIES


The Italian Club Lecture Series will continue this spring with three-session lecture/discussion series on the life and work of poet Gabriele D’Annunzio presented by Professor Anthony Perrone.  Details are provided on the enclosed insert.  We apologize for informing you at this late date and realize it may too late to make the first session, but there may be space available for the second and third.  For information, call Gene Mariani at 352-5484 or by email emariani@aol.com.

 


 
THE ITALIAN CLUB FILM AND OPERA SERIES

The Italian Club will sponsor a four part series of film and opera at the St. Louis Bocce Club at 7:30 pm on Saturdays, March 23, April 6, April 20 and May 4.  The films will be Johnny Stecchino and Mediterraneo.  The operas will be Cavalleria Rusticana and I Pagliacci.  The series was planned and organized by Dorotea Rossomanno-Phillips, Director of the Italian Club’s little theater group, The Panettone Player, who will introduce each program.  For more information, see enclosed insert. 

 
 


Notes from Italy (Submitted by Barbara Klein) 

NEWEST RESTAURANT CHAIN!

This year the first Nutelleria opened at Via Indipendenza 45, in Bologna!  Yes, it is a fast food restaurant dedicated entirely to Nutella, that chocolate spread that so many Italians are crazy about.  The menu includes ice cream, crèpes, piadina, krappen, baguette, panino, or a nido d’ananas (a bowl of pineapple slices), all with a generous helping of Nutella. 
 
HAPPY MOTHER’S AND FATHER’S DAY

You may not be aware of it, but in Italy Mother’s Day is celebrated on March 8, La Festa della Donna, and Father’s Day on March 19, La Festa del Papà.  This date was specifically selected as it coincides with St. Joseph’s Day, the earthly father of Jesus. 

So to all of our members who are Moms and Dads we wish to extend our congratulations and best wishes.
 



 
The Italian Club of St. Louis

President:  Gene Mariani  EMariani@aol.com
Vice-President: James Tognoni JTognoni7@aol.com
Treasurer:  Barbara Klein 
Dan Viele
Barbara201@aol.com
Secretary:  Marie Cuccia-Brand  Mcucciasbj@aol.com
Directors: Carol Lozano 
Vito Tamboli  vtamboli@frewwweb.com
Gloria DiMartino Etling  gloandcho@hotmail.com
Program Committee: Gene Mariani  EMariani@aol.com
Tony Perrone  perrone@lindenwood.edu
Pete Puleo  papuleo@prodigy.net
Vito Tamboli vtamboli@frewwweb.com
Patty Viviano  pattyt@hntlgh.com
Newsletter:  Luisa Gabbiani Flynn  danisa2@earthlink.net
Website: Franco Giannotti  francog@venmar.com




 

 
 


 
I capolavori della poesia italiana

44.  Corrado Govoni (Ferrara 1884 – Roma 1961) fa parte del gruppo di poeti del primo ’900 cosiddetti ‘crepuscolari’, cioè coloro che preferivano forme semplici e comuni a quelle elevate e eroiche.  Fu un poeta molto prolifico.  Crepuscolo sul Po fa parte della raccolta di poesie Armonia in grigio et in silenzio, 1903, una delle prime opere del poeta.  Qui si trovano le caratteristiche del suo stile:  una sintassi semplice e priva di subordinate e immagini collegate usando la tecnica dell’associazione 

Crepuscolo sul Po
di Corrado Govoni

      Come un frutto maturo cade il giorno.
Dal ponte che cavalca il fiume suona il corno.
      Con uno strepito di gran cascata
un treno fora il vuoto su la via ferrata.
      I rumori pel silenzio stenografo
sfuman come figure d’un cinematografo.
      Il vento studia da flautista.
Il cielo è svelto simile ad un trasformista.
      L’acqua che corre corre al mare
si tinge il viso di lillà crepuscolare. 
      Dentro, le case mirano a la riva
la loro imagine che sembra fuggitiva.
      In una barca piena di legumi
mentre le case sbocciano dei bianchi lumi,
      una donna con una guasta ventola
incita il fuoco sotto la sua vecchia pentola.
 

LA STORIA D’ITALIA
 
(Continua dal numero precedente)


32.  Pertinace (126 - 193)  (Imperatore 193) e Settimio Severo (145 – 211)  (Imperatore 193 - 211). 

   Elvio Pertinace era nato in Liguria, figlio di un liberto di umile origine, ma era stato educato a Roma e si era distinto nella carriera militare.  Alla morte di Commodo aveva già 66 anni ma godeva di un’ottima reputazione tra i senatori e fu scelto come suo successore senza dubbio con l’aiuto del generale Pompeiano.  Fin dall’inizio dimostrò di voler governare costituzionalmente, con clemenza ed energia, di voler ristabilire il potere dei senatori (per cui prese il titolo di principe del senato) e di voler risanare le finanze dissestate dello stato emanando provvedimenti rigorosi rivolti a reprimere la licenza e gli abusi.  Ma le sue riforme suscitarono la ribellione dei soldati pretoriani, i quali erano stati gli autori della congiura contro Commodo e perciò pensavano di aver diritto a favori speciali.  Il 28 marzo del 193, soltanto tre mesi dopo la sua nomina a imperatore, i pretoriani assalirono il palazzo imperiale e lo uccisero.

   Alla sua morte subentrò la guerra civile con quattro pretendenti alla carica imperiale:  le legioni della Pannonia elessero Settimio Severo, quelle della Britannia Clodio Albino, quelle della Siria e dell’Egitto Pescennio Nigro, mentre a Roma il ricchissimo Didio Giuliano offrì 6250 denari a ogni pretoriano e venne acclamato imperatore.  Giuliano però non godeva di molta popolarità e quando Settimio Severo entrò in Italia con quattro legioni incontrò pochissima resistenza e a Roma fu dichiarato imperatore mentre Giuliano fu condannato a morte e ucciso. 

   Settimio Severo era nato a Leptis, in Africa da ricca famiglia equestre.  La sua carriera politica, iniziata nel 172, lo aveva portato in varie regioni dell’impero:  questore in Sardegna, proconsole in Africa, tribuno della plebe e pretore a Roma, legato del governatore nella Spagna Tarraconense e governatore della Siria nel 179.  Nel 187 era stato nominato governatore della Gallia Lugdunense ed aveva sposato Giulia Domna, che proveniva Emesa, Siria, rinomata per la sua bellezza e intelligenza.  Nel 188 a Lugdunum (odierna Lyon) era nato il loro primo figlio, Bassiano che più tardi succederà al padre con il nome di Caracalla. 

   A Roma il nuovo imperatore diede grandi onori al suo predecessore, Pertinace, e promise ai senatori che avrebbe ristabilito la loro autorità.  Ma non restò molto a lungo nella capitale.  Nel 193 andò in oriente, dove distrusse l’esercito di Pescennio Nigro e dopo un lungo assedio conquistò Bisanzio.  Poi iniziò la guerra contro Clodio Albino, che si era proclamato imperatore ed aveva invaso la Gallia.  Nel 197 Albino e il suo esercito furono assediati a Lugdunum, dove Albino si suicidò per non cadere prigioniero.

   L’epoca di Settimio Severo è considerata l’epoca d’oro della giurisprudenza perché Settimio Severo si circondò di giureconsulti illustri, tra cui Paolo Ulpiano e Papiniano. 

   Morì all’età di 65 anni dopo 18 anni di regno, la durata del quale non sarà sorpassata fino a Diocleziano un secolo più tardi. 
 

(continua al prossimo numero)