MARCH MEETING
GRAVESTONES OF ANCIENT ROMAN
WOMEN
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Gravestones are often the only written documents that shed light on
the elusive lives of ancient Roman women. In our March program, Anna
Amelung, will address such questions as who were these women? What
was their social status? What do their tombstones reveal about their
families, relationships, social condition, occupation, age, even physical
characteristics? Surprisingly, the most interesting epitaphs belong
to slaves or freedwomen, not elite women. Thus we learn of Aurelia
Philematium, a slave girl who contributed to her husband's prosperity through
her hard work; Allia Potestas, praised for her virtues as much as for her
beautiful legs and "generous" body; and Heracla, "Caesar's wrestler" from
Verona. In her slide presentation, Dr. Amelung will piece together
the scarce details of the lives of these ancient women, truly the backbone
of Roman society, and make them come alive for us today.
Anna Amelung, born in Russi, Ravenna, Italy, received the Laurea
in Foreign Languages from the Universita' di Bologna. She subsequently
taught French at the Università di Bologna and the Università
di Modena and Italian language and literature in Toulouse, France.
She obtained a Ph.D. in French from Washington University, where she taught
French and Italian. She now teaches Latin and French at University
City High School sharing her knowledge and love for the ancient world with
the youth of America.
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Next Meeting Wednesday, March 20, 2002
Cocktails 6:30 PM - Dinner 7:00 PM
Da Baldo's Restaurant
RSVP Gloria Etling
(314) 965-6972
or
by email
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RECAP OF FEBRUARY
MEETING
Venezia in Maschera
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A
special thank you to our February speaker Graziella Postolache,
Italian Club member and member of the faculty at Webster University where
she teaches French and Italian. She received her formal education
at the University of Iasi in Romania and the University of Vannes in France.
Graziella is also a member of the Dante Alighieri Association and Alliance
Française. We also wish to acknowledge members, Debbie
Torpea Monolo, who assisted Graziella in preparing the slide presentation
and video, and Gloria DiMartino Etling for decorating the tables,
displaying the beautiful masks, and working with Baldo for our regional
dinner.
The mask has been used as a form of disguise since
the Stone Age. In ancient Roman burials, a mask resembling the deceased
was placed over the face or was worn by an actor hired to accompany the
funerary procession. This tradition was revived with the making of
effigy masks for the royalty and nobility of Europe from the Middle Ages
through the 18th century.
In Venice, painted masks were used for display,
processionals, or commemorative ceremonials. From the 17th to the
20th century, death masks of famous persons became widespread among European
peoples. With wax or liquid plaster of Paris, a negative cast of
the human face could be produced that in turn acted as a mold for the positive
image, frequently cast in papier-mâché, leather or bronze,
of the death masks. The masks were made by professionals, called
Mascareri
or Targheri, who were experts in this craft or were noted sculptors
or artisans. This profession flourished as a result of the big demand
for masks during the carnival.
At the beginning of the Serenissima Republic (12th
century), Venice was the center of the known world and of travel inside
Italy and on the road to China. The Carnival of Venice is said to
have originated to celebrate an important victory of the Repubblica
della Serenissima in the war against Ulrico, Patriarch of Aquileia,
in 1162. Masks were allowed from the day of Santo Stefano,
which marked the start of the Venetian carnival, to midnight of Shrove
Tuesday. Historically, masquerading was a common practice among Venetians,
regardless of their social background. The mask in Venice had many
uses: to protect gamblers from indiscrete looks, to disguise i barnaboti,
destitute noblemen begging on street corners, and to hide aristocrats and
clandestine lovers.
The use of masks derives from the theatre of ancient
Greece and Rome. Later they were used in comedies improvised from
scenarios based upon the dramas of the ancient Roman comic playwrights
Plautus (254?–184 BC) and Terence (186/185–159 BC) and upon situations
drawn from anonymous ancient Roman mimes and became known as Commedia
dell'arte. Masks were also used in the mystery plays of the
12th to the 16th century.
The presentation included photographs of many
famous characters: Arlecchino (a mask from Bergamo) in his
patched outfit and white felt cap, wearing a black half-mask with demonic
features (Alichino is cited in Dante’s Inferno). His feminine
counterpart, Colombina, wears the same costume; she is a malicious,
yet charming, servant-girl, not always a mirror of virtue, like her eternal
suitor Arlecchino; Pantalone, the Venetian merchant, rich,
greedy and naïve; Pulcinella (a Neapolitan mask), witty,
philosophical, eternally melancholic; Dottor Balanzone-(a
mask from Bologna), characterized by arrogance and ignorance; Dottor
della peste, impersonation of the “Plague Doctor”, wearing a mask with
a long beak to hold medicines and aromas to protect him from the plague;
Brighella
(from the word briga or quarrel), the ingenious slave who knows
how to help but also how to dupe his master; Zanni, the servant,
(another mask from Bergamo); il diavolo, the devil,
il
capitano, the mask of a boastful, big-talking soldier;
Pagliaccio
(derived from the word paglia, straw) an imitator who twists his
face into savage grimaces to make people laugh; Pierrot, his face
heavily powdered and without mask, who plays the melancholic and performs
as a mime.
Graziella also pointed out two popular masks from
the past: la bauta and il mattaccino.
La bauta is considered the traditional
Venetian mask, made in such a way as to allow the wearer to eat and drink
without having to take it off. It consists of a black veil or cloak,
a black tricorn hat, and a white mask with a stretched-out, protruding
upper lip underneath a tiny nose that changed the tone of the voice, making
whoever wore this costume totally unrecognizable. This mask was extremely
popular with the Venetians and could be worn all year long to protect one's
identity. It inspired George Lucas in the movie Star Wars
for the character of Darth Vader.
Il
Mattaccino is one of the wildest impersonators of the Carnival.
With a white or multicolored dress, but simple and practical (as opposed
to the traditional classy heavy costumes) and a feathered hat, this character
is disrespectful, with a sling ready for throwing eggs. The program
concluded with images of contemporary and ancient masks as seen in the
streets of Venice during the 2000 and 2001 Carnevale.
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L’ANGOLO DEL PRESIDENTE
By Gene Mariani |
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WELCOME NEW MEMBERS
We are pleased to announce, and to extend a warm welcome, to Anthony
Cuneo who was elected a member of the Club at our February meeting.
Tony’s parents were both born in Chiavari, Italy. |
ASSISTANCE
REQUESTED
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We need some volunteers to set up and run our sound system at the monthly
meetings. Duties involve setting up the equipment, playing tapes
or CD’s, making microphones available for the speakers, and storing the
equipment after the meeting. Each volunteer will be responsible for
doing this at 2 or 3 meetings per year. The equipment is easy to
set up and operate and we will provide the necessary training. If
you wish to volunteer, please contact Jim Tognoni at 636-532-2651
or by e-mail at Jtognoni@earthlink.net
as soon as possible. It would be a great way to assist our club.
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ANNOUNCEMENTS
STUDENT AWARD AT SIU-E
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The Italian Club has established an annual award in the amount of $100
for an outstanding student of Italian language at Southern Illinois University
at Edwardsville. Named the “Distinguished Student in Italian Language
Honors Day Award”, it will be administered by Prof. Patrizia Bittini
of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature. This year
the award will be presented on April 21, 2002 |
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CONGRATULATIONS ALBERTO
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Congratulations to member Alberto Isidori, WU Professor of Systems
Science and Mathematics, on being awarded the 2001 Hendrik W. Bode Lecture
Prize of the IEEE Control Systems Society. This annual award recognizes
distinguished contributions to control systems science or engineering. |
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ITALIAN CLUB LECTURE SERIES
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The Italian Club Lecture Series will continue this spring with three-session
lecture/discussion series on the life and work of poet Gabriele D’Annunzio
presented by Professor Anthony Perrone. Details are provided
on the enclosed insert. We apologize for informing you at this late
date and realize it may too late to make the first session, but there may
be space available for the second and third. For information, call
Gene Mariani at 352-5484 or by email emariani@aol.com. |
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THE ITALIAN CLUB FILM AND OPERA
SERIES
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The Italian Club will sponsor a four part series of film and opera
at the St. Louis Bocce Club at 7:30 pm on Saturdays, March 23, April 6,
April 20 and May 4. The films will be Johnny Stecchino and
Mediterraneo.
The operas will be Cavalleria Rusticana and I Pagliacci.
The series was planned and organized by Dorotea Rossomanno-Phillips,
Director of the Italian Club’s little theater group, The Panettone Player,
who will introduce each program. For more information, see enclosed
insert. |
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Notes from
Italy (Submitted by Barbara Klein)
NEWEST RESTAURANT CHAIN!
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This year the first Nutelleria opened at Via Indipendenza 45, in Bologna!
Yes, it is a fast food restaurant dedicated entirely to Nutella, that chocolate
spread that so many Italians are crazy about. The menu includes ice
cream, crèpes, piadina, krappen, baguette, panino, or a nido d’ananas
(a bowl of pineapple slices), all with a generous helping of Nutella. |
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HAPPY MOTHER’S AND FATHER’S
DAY
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You may not be aware of it, but in Italy Mother’s Day is celebrated
on March 8, La Festa della Donna, and Father’s Day on March 19,
La
Festa del Papà. This date was specifically selected as
it coincides with St. Joseph’s Day, the earthly father of Jesus.
So to all of our members who are Moms and Dads we wish to extend our
congratulations and best wishes.
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The Italian Club of St. Louis
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I capolavori della poesia italiana
44. Corrado Govoni (Ferrara 1884 – Roma 1961) fa parte
del gruppo di poeti del primo ’900 cosiddetti ‘crepuscolari’, cioè
coloro che preferivano forme semplici e comuni a quelle elevate e eroiche.
Fu un poeta molto prolifico. Crepuscolo sul Po fa parte della
raccolta di poesie Armonia in grigio et in silenzio, 1903,
una delle prime opere del poeta. Qui si trovano le caratteristiche
del suo stile: una sintassi semplice e priva di subordinate e immagini
collegate usando la tecnica dell’associazione
Crepuscolo sul Po
di Corrado Govoni
Come un frutto maturo cade il
giorno.
Dal ponte che cavalca il fiume suona il corno.
Con uno strepito di gran cascata
un treno fora il vuoto su la via ferrata.
I rumori pel silenzio stenografo
sfuman come figure d’un cinematografo.
Il vento studia da flautista.
Il cielo è svelto simile ad un trasformista.
L’acqua che corre corre al mare
si tinge il viso di lillà crepuscolare.
Dentro, le case mirano a la riva
la loro imagine che sembra fuggitiva.
In una barca piena di legumi
mentre le case sbocciano dei bianchi lumi,
una donna con una guasta ventola
incita il fuoco sotto la sua vecchia pentola.
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LA STORIA D’ITALIA
(Continua dal numero precedente)
32. Pertinace (126 - 193) (Imperatore 193) e Settimio
Severo (145 – 211) (Imperatore 193 - 211).
Elvio Pertinace era nato in Liguria, figlio di un liberto
di umile origine, ma era stato educato a Roma e si era distinto nella carriera
militare. Alla morte di Commodo aveva già 66 anni ma godeva
di un’ottima reputazione tra i senatori e fu scelto come suo successore
senza dubbio con l’aiuto del generale Pompeiano. Fin dall’inizio
dimostrò di voler governare costituzionalmente, con clemenza ed
energia, di voler ristabilire il potere dei senatori (per cui prese il
titolo di principe del senato) e di voler risanare le finanze dissestate
dello stato emanando provvedimenti rigorosi rivolti a reprimere la licenza
e gli abusi. Ma le sue riforme suscitarono la ribellione dei soldati
pretoriani, i quali erano stati gli autori della congiura contro Commodo
e perciò pensavano di aver diritto a favori speciali. Il 28
marzo del 193, soltanto tre mesi dopo la sua nomina a imperatore, i pretoriani
assalirono il palazzo imperiale e lo uccisero.
Alla sua morte subentrò la guerra civile con quattro
pretendenti alla carica imperiale: le legioni della Pannonia elessero
Settimio
Severo, quelle della Britannia Clodio Albino, quelle della Siria
e dell’Egitto Pescennio Nigro, mentre a Roma il ricchissimo
Didio
Giuliano offrì 6250 denari a ogni pretoriano e venne acclamato
imperatore. Giuliano però non godeva di molta popolarità
e quando Settimio Severo entrò in Italia con quattro legioni incontrò
pochissima resistenza e a Roma fu dichiarato imperatore mentre Giuliano
fu condannato a morte e ucciso.
Settimio Severo era nato a Leptis, in Africa
da ricca famiglia equestre. La sua carriera politica, iniziata nel
172, lo aveva portato in varie regioni dell’impero: questore in Sardegna,
proconsole in Africa, tribuno della plebe e pretore a Roma, legato del
governatore nella Spagna Tarraconense e governatore della Siria nel 179.
Nel 187 era stato nominato governatore della Gallia Lugdunense ed aveva
sposato Giulia Domna, che proveniva Emesa, Siria, rinomata per la
sua bellezza e intelligenza. Nel 188 a Lugdunum (odierna Lyon) era
nato il loro primo figlio, Bassiano che più tardi succederà
al padre con il nome di Caracalla.
A Roma il nuovo imperatore diede grandi onori al suo predecessore,
Pertinace, e promise ai senatori che avrebbe ristabilito la loro autorità.
Ma non restò molto a lungo nella capitale. Nel 193 andò
in oriente, dove distrusse l’esercito di Pescennio Nigro e dopo un lungo
assedio conquistò Bisanzio. Poi iniziò la guerra contro
Clodio Albino, che si era proclamato imperatore ed aveva invaso la Gallia.
Nel 197 Albino e il suo esercito furono assediati a Lugdunum, dove Albino
si suicidò per non cadere prigioniero.
L’epoca di Settimio Severo è considerata l’epoca
d’oro della giurisprudenza perché Settimio Severo si circondò
di giureconsulti illustri, tra cui Paolo Ulpiano e Papiniano.
Morì all’età di 65 anni dopo 18 anni di regno,
la durata del quale non sarà sorpassata fino a Diocleziano un secolo
più tardi.
(continua al prossimo numero)
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