Professor Alan Balboni
of the University of Nevada at Las Vegas, properly
brings to my attention that:
"Wanda Skof was Slovenian, not Slovakian. It is
a rather important
distinction as Slovenia borders northeast Italy."
I stand corrected for my momentary "mental short
circuit".
Yes, Slovenia is on Italy's northeast border,
while Slovakia is on the opposite side of Austria
or Hungary.
Besides the "geographical" closeness, I believe
I am being encouraged to
consider:
that this closeness has resulted in both warm
friendships, and tensions.
(1) Istria, (a western Part of Slovenia) has frequently
over time been a part
of Italy.
(1) In 1941, during World War II, Germany, Hungary,
and Italy divided
Slovenia among themselves. In 1947, Slovenia
acquired Slovenian-speaking
districts on the Adriatic Sea (in Istria) from
Italy.
(2) Italy and Slovenia, as late as the late 1990's,
worked successfully to
negotiate their dispute over the property rights
of ethnic Italians who fled
Slovenia after World War II and whose property
was confiscated by the
Yugoslav government.
(3) Italy is important to Slovenia as a trading
partner, and tourism.
(4) Friuli-Venezia-Guilia is the closest Italian
Region to Slovenia, and is
only one of four regions in Italy to accept autonomy
(in 1963). Autonomy is
usually insisted on in Regions where there are
many non Italians, and/or are
a
great distance from Rome.
However, since the Review leads us to believe
this all took place in Parma,
all that discussion may be irrelevant.
I'll just have to wait and see whether Italy is
used as just a beautiful
backdrop,
and Italians as bit players, and my original
concerns are justified, or I get
to be pleasantly suprised.
=========================================================
For those who have the interest and the time, SLOVENIA,
Encarta excerpts
follow:
History
Under the Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 476), Slovenia was part of the provinces
of
Pannonia and Noricum. During the 6th century AD, the region was invaded
by
the Mongolian Avars and later by Slavs who threw off Avar domination.
A
period of Bavarian rule ensued, during which most of the people converted
to
Roman Catholicism. In AD 623, chieftain Franko Samo created the first
independent Slovene state, which stretched from Lake Balaton (now located
within Hungary) to the Mediterranean. It lasted until late in the 8th
century, when the region became part of the Frankish Empire. In the
10th
century it was reorganized as the duchy of Carantania by Holy Roman
Emperor
Otto I. From 1335 until 1918, except for a brief interlude from 1809
to 1814,
Slovenes were governed by the Habsburgs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
in the
Austrian crown lands of Kärnten (Carinthia), Carniola, and Steiermark
(Styria), except for a minority in the republic of Venice. During the
Napoleonic Wars, the region was taken from Austria by France and reorganized
as part of the Illyrian Provinces from 1809 to 1814. This brief period
of
liberal rule fostered Slovene and South Slav nationalism that triumphed
at
the close of World War I in 1918, with the formation of the Kingdom
of the
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929).
In 1941, during World War II, Germany, Hungary, and Italy divided the
territory among themselves. In spite of forced transfers of populations
during the war, since 1945 most Slovenes have lived in the Slovenian
republic, which in 1947 also acquired Slovenian-speaking districts
on the
Adriatic Sea (in Istria) from Italy.
Slovenia's dissatisfaction with the Yugoslav federation grew during
the
1980s, with increased sentiment first for greater autonomy and then
for
independence.
In June 1991, following various political upsets, including Serbian
refusal
to transfer the country's rotating presidency to the Croatian representative,
Slovenia and Croatia each declared independence from Yugoslavia. The
Serb-dominated Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) sent forces to both republics
in
an attempt to secure Yugoslavia's borders.
In Slovenia, a ten-day war ensued, in which Slovene forces defeated
the JNA.
The JNA's defeat, perhaps coupled with fighting in Serbia's closer
neighbor,
Croatia, allowed Slovenia quickly to secure true independence as well
as
international recognition as a separate republic. In January 1992 the
European Community (now the European Union, or EU), led by Germany,
acknowledged the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The United States acknowledged their independence in April.
Italy and Slovenia worked successfully to negotiate their dispute over
the
property rights of ethnic Italians who fled Slovenia after World War
II and
whose property was confiscated by the Yugoslav government.
Italy had threatened to block Slovenia's entry into the EU until the
issue
was resolved, but the Italian government backed off from this stance
in early
1995. In June 1996 Slovenia signed an association agreement with the
EU; in
December 1997 it was invited to begin the process of becoming a full
member.
The population of Slovenia at the 1991 census was 1,962,606. Slovenes,
a
Slavic ethnic group, constitute about 88 percent of the republic's
population. Slovenes speak Slovenian, the republic's official language.
Unlike other Slavic cultures, Slovenes have been heavily influenced
by German
and Austrian cultures for nearly a millennium. Despite more than 70
years of
affiliation with Yugoslavia, Slovene culture exhibits many similarities
to
Germanic cultures. Slovenian is written in the Latin alphabet—unlike
Serbian
and many other Slavic languages, which are written in the Cyrillic
alphabet—and has many dialects. In addition, most people in Slovenia
are
Roman Catholic. Ethnic Serbs (about 2 percent), Croats (about 3 percent),
and
various other ethnic groups (about 7 percent) constitute the remainder
of
Slovenia's population. In addition, in the mid-1990s Slovenia was home
to
some 20,000 refugees from the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Some 52 percent of all Slovenes live in urban areas, particularly in
Ljubljana (population, 1995 estimate, 269,972) and Maribor (103,113),
the
republic's two largest cities. Many of the remainder live in rural
areas
throughout the republic, particularly in alpine villages, where skiing
is one
of the most popular forms of recreation. In the cities Slovenes enjoy
concerts, operas, and art galleries.
The Slovene government requires that all children attend school between
the
ages of 7 and 15. Almost all Slovenes over the age of ten can read
and write,
and 36 percent of students receive postsecondary or higher levels of
education. There are 30 institutions of higher education in Slovenia;
among
them is the University of Ljubljana, which was founded in 1595.
Economy
Prior to independence Slovenia was the most prosperous of the six Yugoslav
republics. However, the wars that took place in the region during the
early
and mid-1990s seriously affected Slovenia's economy.
Industry constituted 39 percent of GDP in Slovenia in 1998. The republic's
chief industries produce electrical equipment, processed food, textiles,
paper and paper products, chemicals, and wood products. Agriculture
accounts
for 4 percent of GDP, with dairy farming and livestock dominating this
sector. Major crops include cereals such as corn and wheat, potatoes,
sugar
beets, and fruits (particularly grapes). Germany is by far Slovenia's
most
important trading partner in both exports and imports. The other leading
countries buying Slovenian goods are Croatia, Italy, France, and Austria.
Exports include electrical machinery, road vehicles, chemicals and
chemical
products, footwear, and furniture. Tourism is also a major source of
revenue,
with popular resorts at Lake Bled and in the mountains. The largest
number of
visitors are from Italy, Germany, and Austria.
Slovenia has an excellent transportation network. It contained 19,586
km
(12,170 mi) of roads in 1998, and its largest cities are connected
by
railroads. There are also three major airports and a port at Koper
on the
Adriatic Sea. In October 1991 the republic released its own currency,
the
tolar, to replace the Yugoslav dinar (166 tolars equal U.S.$1; 1998
average).
In early 1993 Slovenia joined the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
and the
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (since renamed the
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, or OSCE). The
republic
also revived economic contacts with Austria and Italy and established
new
relations with Iran, China, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
In June
1996 Slovenia became an associate member of the European Union (EU).
In
December 1997 it was invited to begin the process of joining the organization
as a full member.
Government
An emerging democracy, Slovenia has adopted many elements of democratic
government. In December 1991 the Slovenian government adopted a constitution
that guarantees a number of civil rights, including universal suffrage
for
all Slovenes age 18 and older, freedom of religion, and freedom of
the press.
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